Ten rules:
Aristotle defined happiness as eudaemonia, which means “good spirit.” He posited that genuine happiness wasn’t so much about seeking it out, but rather drawing it to oneself by adhering to 10 essential virtues that foster the “good spirit” essential for true contentment. These ten virtues are:
- Courage: To act in the face of fear, rather than give into it, invites happiness. It makes us feel resilient.
- Temperance: Self-control in the face of one’s appetites and base impulses creates a feeling of resilience and self-determination.
- Liberality: Avoid stinginess without being foolish about spending.
- Magnificence: Here Aristotle meant that one should carry out projects “most nobly and splendidly,” and to be generous. Research has shown in study after study that giving makes us happier.
- Greatness of soul: Occupy yourself with more meaningful activities, seek deeper knowledge. Use this pursuit to rise above petty irritations and unpleasant things that arise.
- Gentleness: Be intentionally kind and control your temper. Aggressive, angry thinking can be shortsighted and harmful.
- Truthfulness about yourself: Do not be boastful, but also be wary of self-deprecation. Seek secure humility through which you can show others who you are without bragging or self-denigration.
- Equity: By this, Aristotle meant that a person should seek out opportunity to “receive a smaller share” when not bound by law or appearance to do so. To look to volunteer the spoils of one’s advantages.
- Forgiveness: Be forgiving of the faults of others. Be intentional about letting go of grievances, which can weigh down the psyche.
- Modesty: For Aristotle, modesty is similar to temperance. Here he urges us to avoid vices; to apply a moral modesty to consumption and temptation.
From Arthur C. Brooks at The Atlantic:
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